Post-Exercise Energy Consumption - the continued elevated (above
resting) amounts of calories that are burned due to recovery from any physical exertion. During the recovery phase, energy is used for muscle and tissue repair and oxygen replacement in muscles.
Simple Carbohydrates - single-molecule sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose. They are known as `simple` sugars because their chemical structure has only 1 or 2 sugar molecules, as opposed to complex carbohydrates, which contain entire chains of molecules.
Food-borne Disease - commonly referred to as food poisoning, any illness, normally affecting the digestive system, arising from pathogenic organisms or their toxic byproducts being carried in food that is ingested. Reasonable Goal - a simple target that can be met to foster subsequent adherence to a dietary plan.
Basal Metabolism - the energy (calories) used for metabolism when the body is at complete rest. Basal metabolism is closely related to the muscle mass.
Calipers - an instrument with two hinged legs used to calculate the thickness of a fold of skin or fatty tissue under the skin.
USDA (US Department of Agriculture) - the USDA comprises of many agencies charged with different tasks related to supporting agriculture and monitoring the US food supply. Among these is guaranteeing a safe, inexpensive, wholesome and accessible food supply. The USDA also enhances the standard of living for the American population by giving support and help to the generation of agricultural crops; protecting and improving agricultural, forest, and range lands; nurturing robust growth of rural communities; providing profitable prospects for rural and arable farm populations; globalizing the market for forest and agricultural products and services; and striving to decrease food shortages within America and throughout the globe.
Control Group - the group of participants in a research study that serves as the basis for comparison in order to test whether an observation or treatment has an effect. In an experimental study, it is the group of test subjects that is not given a treatment. Subjects in the control group have as many similarities as possible to those in the experimental treatment or test group.
Type II Diabetes - earlier referred to as `NIDDM (noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)` or called `adult onset diabetes`. Type 2 diabetes is the most widespread form of diabetes. Around 90-95% of people who have diabetes have Type II diabetes. People with Type 2 diabetes are able to secrete insulin, but either are unable to make enough insulin or their bodies do not react to the insulin they secrete. The majority of the people with this type of diabetes weigh more than their ideal body weight. Insulin is present in the body, but does not work adequately. Therefore, people with type II diabetes may have the means to manage their condition by weight loss through a diet-and-exercise regimen. They might also have to inject insulin or take medicine along with following a healthy diet and exercise program. Although type 2 diabetes commonly develops in adults over the age of 30, an increasing number of youngsters and teenagers who weigh more than their ideal weight are also developing Type II diabetes.
Risk Factor - describes anything statistically shown to have a relationship with the incidence of a disease; however, risk factors do not necessarily assume cause and effect.
Dialysis - man-made procedure for purging of metabolic byproducts from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform this function adequately.
Diet - the usual food and drink consumed by a person or animal. Also alludes to a change in food intake, exercise (or both) with the goal of making one healthier.
Monosaccharides - also called `simple sugars`, they consist of just one sugar molecule and therefore cannot be decomposed any further by hydrolysis. They form the basis of more complex sugars like disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Glomerulus - a tiny clump of blood vessels which constitutes the functional unit of the kidney. Lignans - a kind of phytoestrogen (plant substances with estrogenic and anticancer effects) present in flax, rye, and pumpkin seeds, broccoli, and some berries, which might supply the advantages of lowering LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and fats, thereby protecting against cardiac disease and some cancers.
